Detect, track and classify objects with a custom classification model on iOS

When you pass an image to ML Kit, it detects up to five objects in the image along with the position of each object in the image. When detecting objects in video streams, each object has a unique ID that you can use to track the object from frame to frame.

You can use a custom image classification model to classify the objects that are detected. Please refer to Custom models with ML Kit for guidance on model compatibility requirements, where to find pre-trained models, and how to train your own models.

There are two ways to integrate a custom model. You can bundle the model by putting it inside your app’s asset folder, or you can dynamically download it from Firebase. The following table compares the two options.

Try it out

• See the vision quickstart app for an example usage of the bundled model and the automl quickstart app for an example usage of the hosted model.
• See the Material Design showcase app for an end-to-end implementation of this API.

Before you begin

1. Include the ML Kit libraries in your Podfile:

   For bundling a model with your app:

   pod 'GoogleMLKit/ObjectDetectionCustom', '7.0.0'
   

   For dynamically downloading a model from Firebase, add the LinkFirebase dependency:

   pod 'GoogleMLKit/ObjectDetectionCustom', '7.0.0'
   pod 'GoogleMLKit/LinkFirebase', '7.0.0'
   

2. After you install or update your project's Pods, open your Xcode project using its .xcworkspace. ML Kit is supported in Xcode version 13.2.1 or higher.

3. If you want to download a model, make sure you add Firebase to your iOS project, if you have not already done so. This is not required when you bundle the model.

1. Load the model

Configure a local model source

To bundle the model with your app:

1. Copy the model file (usually ending in .tflite or .lite) to your Xcode project, taking care to select Copy bundle resources when you do so. The model file will be included in the app bundle and available to ML Kit.

2. Create LocalModel object, specifying the path to the model file:

   Swift

   let localModel = LocalModel(path: localModelFilePath)

   Objective-C

   MLKLocalModel *localModel =
       [[MLKLocalModel alloc] initWithPath:localModelFilePath];

Configure a Firebase-hosted model source

To use the remotely-hosted model, create an CustomRemoteModel object, specifying the name you assigned the model when you published it:

let firebaseModelSource = FirebaseModelSource(
    name: "your_remote_model") // The name you assigned in
                               // the Firebase console.
let remoteModel = CustomRemoteModel(remoteModelSource: firebaseModelSource)

MLKFirebaseModelSource *firebaseModelSource =
    [[MLKFirebaseModelSource alloc]
        initWithName:@"your_remote_model"]; // The name you assigned in
                                            // the Firebase console.
MLKCustomRemoteModel *remoteModel =
    [[MLKCustomRemoteModel alloc]
        initWithRemoteModelSource:firebaseModelSource];

Then, start the model download task, specifying the conditions under which you want to allow downloading. If the model isn't on the device, or if a newer version of the model is available, the task will asynchronously download the model from Firebase:

let downloadConditions = ModelDownloadConditions(
  allowsCellularAccess: true,
  allowsBackgroundDownloading: true
)

let downloadProgress = ModelManager.modelManager().download(
  remoteModel,
  conditions: downloadConditions
)

MLKModelDownloadConditions *downloadConditions =
    [[MLKModelDownloadConditions alloc] initWithAllowsCellularAccess:YES
                                         allowsBackgroundDownloading:YES];

NSProgress *downloadProgress =
    [[MLKModelManager modelManager] downloadModel:remoteModel
                                       conditions:downloadConditions];

Many apps start the download task in their initialization code, but you can do so at any point before you need to use the model.

2. Configure the object detector

After you configure your model sources, configure the object detector for your use case with a CustomObjectDetectorOptions object. You can change the following settings:

If you only have a locally-bundled model, just create an object detector from your LocalModel object:

let options = CustomObjectDetectorOptions(localModel: localModel)
options.detectorMode = .singleImage
options.shouldEnableClassification = true
options.shouldEnableMultipleObjects = true
options.classificationConfidenceThreshold = NSNumber(value: 0.5)
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3

MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions *options =
    [[MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions alloc] initWithLocalModel:localModel];
options.detectorMode = MLKObjectDetectorModeSingleImage;
options.shouldEnableClassification = YES;
options.shouldEnableMultipleObjects = YES;
options.classificationConfidenceThreshold = @(0.5);
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3;

If you have a remotely-hosted model, you will have to check that it has been downloaded before you run it. You can check the status of the model download task using the model manager's isModelDownloaded(remoteModel:) method.

Although you only have to confirm this before running the object detector, if you have both a remotely-hosted model and a locally-bundled model, it might make sense to perform this check when instantiating the ObjectDetector: create a detector from the remote model if it's been downloaded, and from the local model otherwise.

var options: CustomObjectDetectorOptions!
if (ModelManager.modelManager().isModelDownloaded(remoteModel)) {
  options = CustomObjectDetectorOptions(remoteModel: remoteModel)
} else {
  options = CustomObjectDetectorOptions(localModel: localModel)
}
options.detectorMode = .singleImage
options.shouldEnableClassification = true
options.shouldEnableMultipleObjects = true
options.classificationConfidenceThreshold = NSNumber(value: 0.5)
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3

MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions *options;
if ([[MLKModelManager modelManager] isModelDownloaded:remoteModel]) {
  options = [[MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions alloc] initWithRemoteModel:remoteModel];
} else {
  options = [[MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions alloc] initWithLocalModel:localModel];
}
options.detectorMode = MLKObjectDetectorModeSingleImage;
options.shouldEnableClassification = YES;
options.shouldEnableMultipleObjects = YES;
options.classificationConfidenceThreshold = @(0.5);
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3;

If you only have a remotely-hosted model, you should disable model-related functionality—for example, gray-out or hide part of your UI—until you confirm the model has been downloaded.

You can get the model download status by attaching observers to the default Notification Center. Be sure to use a weak reference to self in the observer block, since downloads can take some time, and the originating object can be freed by the time the download finishes. For example:

NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
    forName: .mlkitModelDownloadDidSucceed,
    object: nil,
    queue: nil
) { [weak self] notification in
    guard let strongSelf = self,
        let userInfo = notification.userInfo,
        let model = userInfo[ModelDownloadUserInfoKey.remoteModel.rawValue]
            as? RemoteModel,
        model.name == "your_remote_model"
        else { return }
    // The model was downloaded and is available on the device
}

NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
    forName: .mlkitModelDownloadDidFail,
    object: nil,
    queue: nil
) { [weak self] notification in
    guard let strongSelf = self,
        let userInfo = notification.userInfo,
        let model = userInfo[ModelDownloadUserInfoKey.remoteModel.rawValue]
            as? RemoteModel
        else { return }
    let error = userInfo[ModelDownloadUserInfoKey.error.rawValue]
    // ...
}

__weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;

[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter
    addObserverForName:MLKModelDownloadDidSucceedNotification
                object:nil
                 queue:nil
            usingBlock:^(NSNotification *_Nonnull note) {
              if (weakSelf == nil | note.userInfo == nil) {
                return;
              }
              __strong typeof(self) strongSelf = weakSelf;

              MLKRemoteModel *model = note.userInfo[MLKModelDownloadUserInfoKeyRemoteModel];
              if ([model.name isEqualToString:@"your_remote_model"]) {
                // The model was downloaded and is available on the device
              }
            }];

[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter
    addObserverForName:MLKModelDownloadDidFailNotification
                object:nil
                 queue:nil
            usingBlock:^(NSNotification *_Nonnull note) {
              if (weakSelf == nil | note.userInfo == nil) {
                return;
              }
              __strong typeof(self) strongSelf = weakSelf;

              NSError *error = note.userInfo[MLKModelDownloadUserInfoKeyError];
            }];

The object detection and tracking API is optimized for these two core use cases:

• Live detection and tracking of the most prominent object in the camera viewfinder.
• The detection of multiple objects from a static image.

To configure the API for these use cases:

// Live detection and tracking
let options = CustomObjectDetectorOptions(localModel: localModel)
options.shouldEnableClassification = true
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3

// Multiple object detection in static images
let options = CustomObjectDetectorOptions(localModel: localModel)
options.detectorMode = .singleImage
options.shouldEnableMultipleObjects = true
options.shouldEnableClassification = true
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3

// Live detection and tracking
MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions *options =
    [[MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions alloc] initWithLocalModel:localModel];
options.shouldEnableClassification = YES;
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3;

// Multiple object detection in static images
MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions *options =
    [[MLKCustomObjectDetectorOptions alloc] initWithLocalModel:localModel];
options.detectorMode = MLKObjectDetectorModeSingleImage;
options.shouldEnableMultipleObjects = YES;
options.shouldEnableClassification = YES;
options.maxPerObjectLabelCount = 3;

3. Prepare the input image

Create a VisionImage object using a UIImage or a CMSampleBuffer.

If you use a UIImage, follow these steps:

• Create a VisionImage object with the UIImage. Make sure to specify the correct .orientation.

  Swift

  let image = VisionImage(image: UIImage)
  visionImage.orientation = image.imageOrientation

  Objective-C

  MLKVisionImage *visionImage = [[MLKVisionImage alloc] initWithImage:image];
  visionImage.orientation = image.imageOrientation;

If you use a CMSampleBuffer, follow these steps:

• Specify the orientation of the image data contained in the CMSampleBuffer.

  To get the image orientation:

  Swift

  func imageOrientation(
    deviceOrientation: UIDeviceOrientation,
    cameraPosition: AVCaptureDevice.Position
  ) -> UIImage.Orientation {
    switch deviceOrientation {
    case .portrait:
      return cameraPosition == .front ? .leftMirrored : .right
    case .landscapeLeft:
      return cameraPosition == .front ? .downMirrored : .up
    case .portraitUpsideDown:
      return cameraPosition == .front ? .rightMirrored : .left
    case .landscapeRight:
      return cameraPosition == .front ? .upMirrored : .down
    case .faceDown, .faceUp, .unknown:
      return .up
    }
  }
        

  Objective-C

  - (UIImageOrientation)
    imageOrientationFromDeviceOrientation:(UIDeviceOrientation)deviceOrientation
                           cameraPosition:(AVCaptureDevicePosition)cameraPosition {
    switch (deviceOrientation) {
      case UIDeviceOrientationPortrait:
        return cameraPosition == AVCaptureDevicePositionFront ? UIImageOrientationLeftMirrored
                                                              : UIImageOrientationRight;
  
      case UIDeviceOrientationLandscapeLeft:
        return cameraPosition == AVCaptureDevicePositionFront ? UIImageOrientationDownMirrored
                                                              : UIImageOrientationUp;
      case UIDeviceOrientationPortraitUpsideDown:
        return cameraPosition == AVCaptureDevicePositionFront ? UIImageOrientationRightMirrored
                                                              : UIImageOrientationLeft;
      case UIDeviceOrientationLandscapeRight:
        return cameraPosition == AVCaptureDevicePositionFront ? UIImageOrientationUpMirrored
                                                              : UIImageOrientationDown;
      case UIDeviceOrientationUnknown:
      case UIDeviceOrientationFaceUp:
      case UIDeviceOrientationFaceDown:
        return UIImageOrientationUp;
    }
  }
        

• Create a VisionImage object using the CMSampleBuffer object and orientation:

  Swift

  let image = VisionImage(buffer: sampleBuffer)
  image.orientation = imageOrientation(
    deviceOrientation: UIDevice.current.orientation,
    cameraPosition: cameraPosition)

  Objective-C

   MLKVisionImage *image = [[MLKVisionImage alloc] initWithBuffer:sampleBuffer];
   image.orientation =
     [self imageOrientationFromDeviceOrientation:UIDevice.currentDevice.orientation
                                  cameraPosition:cameraPosition];

4. Create and run the object detector

1. Create a new object detector:

   Swift

   let objectDetector = ObjectDetector.objectDetector(options: options)

   Objective-C

   MLKObjectDetector *objectDetector = [MLKObjectDetector objectDetectorWithOptions:options];

2. Then, use the detector:

   Asynchronously:

   Swift

   objectDetector.process(image) { objects, error in
       guard error == nil, let objects = objects, !objects.isEmpty else {
           // Handle the error.
           return
       }
       // Show results.
   }

   Objective-C

   [objectDetector
       processImage:image
         completion:^(NSArray *_Nullable objects,
                      NSError *_Nullable error) {
           if (objects.count == 0) {
               // Handle the error.
               return;
           }
           // Show results.
        }];

   Synchronously:

   Swift

   var objects: [Object]
   do {
       objects = try objectDetector.results(in: image)
   } catch let error {
       // Handle the error.
       return
   }
   // Show results.

   Objective-C

   NSError *error;
   NSArray *objects =
       [objectDetector resultsInImage:image error:&error];
   // Show results or handle the error.

5. Get information about labeled objects

If the call to the image processor succeeds, it either passes a list of Objects to the completion handler or returns the list, depending on whether you called the asynchronous or synchronous method.

Each Object contains the following properties:

// objects contains one item if multiple object detection wasn't enabled.
for object in objects {
  let frame = object.frame
  let trackingID = object.trackingID
  let description = object.labels.enumerated().map { (index, label) in
    "Label \(index): \(label.text), \(label.confidence), \(label.index)"
  }.joined(separator: "\n")
}

// The list of detected objects contains one item if multiple object detection
// wasn't enabled.
for (MLKObject *object in objects) {
  CGRect frame = object.frame;
  NSNumber *trackingID = object.trackingID;
  for (MLKObjectLabel *label in object.labels) {
    NSString *labelString =
        [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@, %f, %lu",
                                   label.text,
                                   label.confidence,
                                   (unsigned long)label.index];
  }
}

Ensuring a great user experience

For the best user experience, follow these guidelines in your app:

• Successful object detection depends on the object's visual complexity. In order to be detected, objects with a small number of visual features might need to take up a larger part of the image. You should provide users with guidance on capturing input that works well with the kind of objects you want to detect.
• When you use classification, if you want to detect objects that don't fall cleanly into the supported categories, implement special handling for unknown objects.

Also, check out the [ML Kit Material Design showcase app][showcase-link]{: .external } and the Material Design Patterns for machine learning-powered features collection.

Improving performance

• When you use streaming mode in a real-time application, don't use multiple object detection, as most devices won't be able to produce adequate framerates.

• For processing video frames, use the results(in:) synchronous API of the detector. Call this method from the AVCaptureVideoDataOutputSampleBufferDelegate's captureOutput(_, didOutput:from:) function to synchronously get results from the given video frame. Keep AVCaptureVideoDataOutput's alwaysDiscardsLateVideoFrames as true to throttle calls to the detector. If a new video frame becomes available while the detector is running, it will be dropped.
• If you use the output of the detector to overlay graphics on the input image, first get the result from ML Kit, then render the image and overlay in a single step. By doing so, you render to the display surface only once for each processed input frame. See the updatePreviewOverlayViewWithLastFrame in the ML Kit quickstart sample for an example.