Recognize text in images with ML Kit on Android

You can use ML Kit to recognize text in images or video, such as the text of a street sign. The main characteristics of this feature are:

Try it out

• Play around with the sample app to see an example usage of this API.
• Try the code yourself with the codelab.

Before you begin

1. In your project-level build.gradle file, make sure to include Google's Maven repository in both your buildscript and allprojects sections.

2. Add the dependencies for the ML Kit Android libraries to your module's app-level gradle file, which is usually app/build.gradle:

   For bundling the model with your app:

   dependencies {
     // To recognize Latin script
     implementation 'com.google.mlkit:text-recognition:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Chinese script
     implementation 'com.google.mlkit:text-recognition-chinese:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Devanagari script
     implementation 'com.google.mlkit:text-recognition-devanagari:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Japanese script
     implementation 'com.google.mlkit:text-recognition-japanese:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Korean script
     implementation 'com.google.mlkit:text-recognition-korean:16.0.1'
   }
   

   For using the model in Google Play Services:

   dependencies {
     // To recognize Latin script
     implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-mlkit-text-recognition:19.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Chinese script
     implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-mlkit-text-recognition-chinese:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Devanagari script
     implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-mlkit-text-recognition-devanagari:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Japanese script
     implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-mlkit-text-recognition-japanese:16.0.1'
   
     // To recognize Korean script
     implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-mlkit-text-recognition-korean:16.0.1'
   }
   

3. If you choose to use the model in Google Play Services, you can configure your app to automatically download the model to the device after your app is installed from the Play Store. To do so, add the following declaration to your app's AndroidManifest.xml file:

   <application ...>
         ...
         <meta-data
             android:name="com.google.mlkit.vision.DEPENDENCIES"
             android:value="ocr" >
         <!-- To use multiple models: android:value="ocr,ocr_chinese,ocr_devanagari,ocr_japanese,ocr_korean,..." -->
   </application>
   

   You can also explicitly check the model availability and request download through Google Play services ModuleInstallClient API. If you don't enable install-time model downloads or request explicit download, the model is downloaded the first time you run the scanner. Requests you make before the download has completed produce no results.

1. Create an instance of TextRecognizer

// When using Latin script library
val recognizer = TextRecognition.getClient(TextRecognizerOptions.DEFAULT_OPTIONS)

// When using Chinese script library
val recognizer = TextRecognition.getClient(ChineseTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build())

// When using Devanagari script library
val recognizer = TextRecognition.getClient(DevanagariTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build())

// When using Japanese script library
val recognizer = TextRecognition.getClient(JapaneseTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build())

// When using Korean script library
val recognizer = TextRecognition.getClient(KoreanTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build())

// When using Latin script library
TextRecognizer recognizer =
  TextRecognition.getClient(TextRecognizerOptions.DEFAULT_OPTIONS);

// When using Chinese script library
TextRecognizer recognizer =
  TextRecognition.getClient(new ChineseTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build());

// When using Devanagari script library
TextRecognizer recognizer =
  TextRecognition.getClient(new DevanagariTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build());

// When using Japanese script library
TextRecognizer recognizer =
  TextRecognition.getClient(new JapaneseTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build());

// When using Korean script library
TextRecognizer recognizer =
  TextRecognition.getClient(new KoreanTextRecognizerOptions.Builder().build());

2. Prepare the input image

To recognize text in an image, create an InputImage object from either a Bitmap, media.Image, ByteBuffer, byte array, or a file on the device. Then, pass the InputImage object to the TextRecognizer's processImage method.

You can create an InputImage object from different sources, each is explained below.

Using a media.Image

To create an InputImage object from a media.Image object, such as when you capture an image from a device's camera, pass the media.Image object and the image's rotation to InputImage.fromMediaImage().

If you use the CameraX library, the OnImageCapturedListener and ImageAnalysis.Analyzer classes calculate the rotation value for you.

private class YourImageAnalyzer : ImageAnalysis.Analyzer {

    override fun analyze(imageProxy: ImageProxy) {
        val mediaImage = imageProxy.image
        if (mediaImage != null) {
            val image = InputImage.fromMediaImage(mediaImage, imageProxy.imageInfo.rotationDegrees)
            // Pass image to an ML Kit Vision API
            // ...
        }
    }
}

private class YourAnalyzer implements ImageAnalysis.Analyzer {

    @Override
    public void analyze(ImageProxy imageProxy) {
        Image mediaImage = imageProxy.getImage();
        if (mediaImage != null) {
          InputImage image =
                InputImage.fromMediaImage(mediaImage, imageProxy.getImageInfo().getRotationDegrees());
          // Pass image to an ML Kit Vision API
          // ...
        }
    }
}

If you don't use a camera library that gives you the image's rotation degree, you can calculate it from the device's rotation degree and the orientation of camera sensor in the device:

private val ORIENTATIONS = SparseIntArray()

init {
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_0, 0)
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_90, 90)
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_180, 180)
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_270, 270)
}

/**
 * Get the angle by which an image must be rotated given the device's current
 * orientation.
 */
@RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
@Throws(CameraAccessException::class)
private fun getRotationCompensation(cameraId: String, activity: Activity, isFrontFacing: Boolean): Int {
    // Get the device's current rotation relative to its "native" orientation.
    // Then, from the ORIENTATIONS table, look up the angle the image must be
    // rotated to compensate for the device's rotation.
    val deviceRotation = activity.windowManager.defaultDisplay.rotation
    var rotationCompensation = ORIENTATIONS.get(deviceRotation)

    // Get the device's sensor orientation.
    val cameraManager = activity.getSystemService(CAMERA_SERVICE) as CameraManager
    val sensorOrientation = cameraManager
            .getCameraCharacteristics(cameraId)
            .get(CameraCharacteristics.SENSOR_ORIENTATION)!!

    if (isFrontFacing) {
        rotationCompensation = (sensorOrientation + rotationCompensation) % 360
    } else { // back-facing
        rotationCompensation = (sensorOrientation - rotationCompensation + 360) % 360
    }
    return rotationCompensation
}
MLKitVisionImage.kt

private static final SparseIntArray ORIENTATIONS = new SparseIntArray();
static {
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_0, 0);
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_90, 90);
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_180, 180);
    ORIENTATIONS.append(Surface.ROTATION_270, 270);
}

/**
 * Get the angle by which an image must be rotated given the device's current
 * orientation.
 */
@RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
private int getRotationCompensation(String cameraId, Activity activity, boolean isFrontFacing)
        throws CameraAccessException {
    // Get the device's current rotation relative to its "native" orientation.
    // Then, from the ORIENTATIONS table, look up the angle the image must be
    // rotated to compensate for the device's rotation.
    int deviceRotation = activity.getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay().getRotation();
    int rotationCompensation = ORIENTATIONS.get(deviceRotation);

    // Get the device's sensor orientation.
    CameraManager cameraManager = (CameraManager) activity.getSystemService(CAMERA_SERVICE);
    int sensorOrientation = cameraManager
            .getCameraCharacteristics(cameraId)
            .get(CameraCharacteristics.SENSOR_ORIENTATION);

    if (isFrontFacing) {
        rotationCompensation = (sensorOrientation + rotationCompensation) % 360;
    } else { // back-facing
        rotationCompensation = (sensorOrientation - rotationCompensation + 360) % 360;
    }
    return rotationCompensation;
}

Then, pass the media.Image object and the rotation degree value to InputImage.fromMediaImage():

val image = InputImage.fromMediaImage(mediaImage, rotation)
MLKitVisionImage.kt

InputImage image = InputImage.fromMediaImage(mediaImage, rotation);

Using a file URI

To create an InputImage object from a file URI, pass the app context and file URI to InputImage.fromFilePath(). This is useful when you use an ACTION_GET_CONTENT intent to prompt the user to select an image from their gallery app.

val image: InputImage
try {
    image = InputImage.fromFilePath(context, uri)
} catch (e: IOException) {
    e.printStackTrace()
}
MLKitVisionImage.kt

InputImage image;
try {
    image = InputImage.fromFilePath(context, uri);
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

Using a ByteBuffer or ByteArray

To create an InputImage object from a ByteBuffer or a ByteArray, first calculate the image rotation degree as previously described for media.Image input. Then, create the InputImage object with the buffer or array, together with image's height, width, color encoding format, and rotation degree:

val image = InputImage.fromByteBuffer(
        byteBuffer,
        /* image width */ 480,
        /* image height */ 360,
        rotationDegrees,
        InputImage.IMAGE_FORMAT_NV21 // or IMAGE_FORMAT_YV12
)
MLKitVisionImage.kt
// Or:
val image = InputImage.fromByteArray(
        byteArray,
        /* image width */ 480,
        /* image height */ 360,
        rotationDegrees,
        InputImage.IMAGE_FORMAT_NV21 // or IMAGE_FORMAT_YV12
)
MLKitVisionImage.kt

InputImage image = InputImage.fromByteBuffer(byteBuffer,
        /* image width */ 480,
        /* image height */ 360,
        rotationDegrees,
        InputImage.IMAGE_FORMAT_NV21 // or IMAGE_FORMAT_YV12
);
MLKitVisionImage.java
// Or:
InputImage image = InputImage.fromByteArray(
        byteArray,
        /* image width */480,
        /* image height */360,
        rotation,
        InputImage.IMAGE_FORMAT_NV21 // or IMAGE_FORMAT_YV12
);
MLKitVisionImage.java

Using a Bitmap

To create an InputImage object from a Bitmap object, make the following declaration:

val image = InputImage.fromBitmap(bitmap, 0)
MLKitVisionImage.kt

InputImage image = InputImage.fromBitmap(bitmap, rotationDegree);
MLKitVisionImage.java

The image is represented by a Bitmap object together with rotation degrees.

3. Process the image

Pass the image to the process method:

val result = recognizer.process(image)
        .addOnSuccessListener { visionText ->
            // Task completed successfully
            // ...
        }
        .addOnFailureListener { e ->
            // Task failed with an exception
            // ...
        }
TextRecognitionActivity.kt

Task<Text> result =
        recognizer.process(image)
                .addOnSuccessListener(new OnSuccessListener<Text>() {
                    @Override
                    public void onSuccess(Text visionText) {
                        // Task completed successfully
                        // ...
                    }
                })
                .addOnFailureListener(
                        new OnFailureListener() {
                            @Override
                            public void onFailure(@NonNull Exception e) {
                                // Task failed with an exception
                                // ...
                            }
                        });
TextRecognitionActivity.java

4. Extract text from blocks of recognized text

If the text recognition operation succeeds, a Text object is passed to the success listener. A Text object contains the full text recognized in the image and zero or more TextBlock objects.

Each TextBlock represents a rectangular block of text, which contains zero or more Line objects. Each Line object represents a line of text, which contains zero or more Element objects. Each Element object represents a word or a word-like entity, which contains zero or more Symbol objects. Each Symbol object represents a character, a digit or a word-like entity.

For each TextBlock, Line, Element and Symbol object, you can get the text recognized in the region, the bounding coordinates of the region and many other attributes such as rotation information, confidence score etc.

For example:

val resultText = result.text
for (block in result.textBlocks) {
    val blockText = block.text
    val blockCornerPoints = block.cornerPoints
    val blockFrame = block.boundingBox
    for (line in block.lines) {
        val lineText = line.text
        val lineCornerPoints = line.cornerPoints
        val lineFrame = line.boundingBox
        for (element in line.elements) {
            val elementText = element.text
            val elementCornerPoints = element.cornerPoints
            val elementFrame = element.boundingBox
        }
    }
}
TextRecognitionActivity.kt

String resultText = result.getText();
for (Text.TextBlock block : result.getTextBlocks()) {
    String blockText = block.getText();
    Point[] blockCornerPoints = block.getCornerPoints();
    Rect blockFrame = block.getBoundingBox();
    for (Text.Line line : block.getLines()) {
        String lineText = line.getText();
        Point[] lineCornerPoints = line.getCornerPoints();
        Rect lineFrame = line.getBoundingBox();
        for (Text.Element element : line.getElements()) {
            String elementText = element.getText();
            Point[] elementCornerPoints = element.getCornerPoints();
            Rect elementFrame = element.getBoundingBox();
            for (Text.Symbol symbol : element.getSymbols()) {
                String symbolText = symbol.getText();
                Point[] symbolCornerPoints = symbol.getCornerPoints();
                Rect symbolFrame = symbol.getBoundingBox();
            }
        }
    }
}
TextRecognitionActivity.java

Input image guidelines

• For ML Kit to accurately recognize text, input images must contain text that is represented by sufficient pixel data. Ideally, each character should be at least 16x16 pixels. There is generally no accuracy benefit for characters to be larger than 24x24 pixels.

  So, for example, a 640x480 image might work well to scan a business card that occupies the full width of the image. To scan a document printed on letter-sized paper, a 720x1280 pixel image might be required.

• Poor image focus can affect text recognition accuracy. If you aren't getting acceptable results, try asking the user to recapture the image.

• If you are recognizing text in a real-time application, you should consider the overall dimensions of the input images. Smaller images can be processed faster. To reduce latency, ensure that the text occupies as much of the image as possible, and capture images at lower resolutions (keeping in mind the accuracy requirements mentioned above). For more information, see Tips to improve performance.

Tips to improve performance

• If you use the Camera or camera2 API, throttle calls to the detector. If a new video frame becomes available while the detector is running, drop the frame. See the VisionProcessorBase class in the quickstart sample app for an example.
• If you use the CameraX API, be sure that backpressure strategy is set to its default value ImageAnalysis.STRATEGY_KEEP_ONLY_LATEST. This guarantees only one image will be delivered for analysis at a time. If more images are produced when the analyzer is busy, they will be dropped automatically and not queued for delivery. Once the image being analyzed is closed by calling ImageProxy.close(), the next latest image will be delivered.
• If you use the output of the detector to overlay graphics on the input image, first get the result from ML Kit, then render the image and overlay in a single step. This renders to the display surface only once for each input frame. See the CameraSourcePreview and GraphicOverlay classes in the quickstart sample app for an example.
• If you use the Camera2 API, capture images in ImageFormat.YUV_420_888 format. If you use the older Camera API, capture images in ImageFormat.NV21 format.
• Consider capturing images at a lower resolution. However, also keep in mind this API's image dimension requirements.