Getting directions through the Directions API (Legacy)

With the Directions API (Legacy), you can:

• Search for directions for several modes of transportation, including transit, driving, walking or cycling.
• Return multi-part directions using a series of waypoints.
• Specify origins, destinations, and waypoints as text strings (that is, "Chicago, IL" or "Darwin, NT, Australia"), as place IDs, or as latitude/longitude coordinates.

The API returns the most efficient routes when calculating directions. Travel time is the primary factor optimized, but the API may also take into account other factors such as distance, number of turns and many more when deciding which route is the most efficient.

Before you begin

Before you start using the Directions API (Legacy), you need a project with a billing account and the Directions API (Legacy) enabled. To learn more, see Set up in Cloud console.

Build your Directions API (Legacy) requests

A Directions API (Legacy) request takes the following form:

https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/outputFormat?parameters

where outputFormat may be either of the following values:

• json (recommended) indicates output in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
• xml indicates output as XML

Note: URLs must be properly encoded to be valid and are limited to 16384 characters for all web services. Be aware of this limit when constructing your URLs.

As is standard in URLs, all parameters are separated using the ampersand (&) character. All reserved characters (for example the plus sign "+") must be URL-encoded. The list of parameters and their possible values are enumerated below.

Required parameters

destination

The place ID, address, or textual latitude/longitude value to which you want to calculate directions. The options for the destination parameter are the same as for the origin parameter.

origin

The place ID, address, or textual latitude/longitude value from which you want to calculate directions.

• Place IDs must be prefixed with place_id:. You can retrieve place IDs from the Geocoding API and the Places API (including Place Autocomplete). For an example using place IDs from Place Autocomplete, see Place Autocomplete and Directions. For more about place IDs, see the Place ID overview.

  origin=place_id:ChIJ3S-JXmauEmsRUcIaWtf4MzE
  

• If you pass an address, the Directions service geocodes the string and converts it to a latitude/longitude coordinate to calculate directions. This coordinate may be different from that returned by the Geocoding API, for example a building entrance rather than its center.

  origin=24+Sussex+Drive+Ottawa+ON
  

  Using place IDs is preferred over using addresses or latitude/longitude coordinates. Using coordinates will always result in the point being snapped to the road nearest to those coordinates - which may not be an access point to the property, or even a road that will quickly or safely lead to the destination.

• If you pass coordinates, the point will snap to the nearest road. Passing a place ID is preferred. If you do pass coordinates, ensure that no space exists between the latitude and longitude values.

  origin=41.43206,-81.38992
  

• Plus codes must be formatted as a global code or a compound code. Format plus codes as shown here (plus signs are url-escaped to %2B and spaces are url-escaped to %20).

  • Global code is a 4 character area code and 6 character or longer local code (849VCWC8+R9 is 849VCWC8%2BR9).
  • Compound code is a 6 character or longer local code with an explicit location (CWC8+R9 Mountain View, CA, USA is CWC8%2BR9%20Mountain%20View%20CA%20USA).

Optional parameters

alternatives

If set to true, specifies that the Directions service may provide more than one route alternative in the response. Note that providing route alternatives may increase the response time from the server. This is only available for requests without intermediate waypoints. For more information, see the guide to waypoints.

arrival_time

Specifies the preferred time of arrival for transit directions, in seconds since midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC. You can specify either departure_time or arrival_time, but not both. Note that arrival_time must be specified as an integer.

avoid

Indicates that the calculated route(s) should avoid the indicated features. This parameter supports the following arguments:

• tolls indicates that the calculated route should avoid toll roads/bridges.
• highways indicates that the calculated route should avoid highways.
• ferries indicates that the calculated route should avoid ferries.
• indoor indicates that the calculated route should avoid indoor steps for walking and transit directions.

It's possible to request a route that avoids any combination of tolls, highways and ferries by passing multiple restrictions to the avoid parameter. For example:

avoid=tolls|highways|ferries.

departure_time

Specifies the preferred time of departure. You can specify the time as an integer in seconds since midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC. If a departure_time later than 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999999Z is specified, the API will fall back the departure_time to 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999999Z. Alternatively, you can specify a value of now, which sets the departure time to the current time (correct to the nearest second). The departure time may be specified in two cases:

• For requests where the travel mode is transit: You can optionally specify one of departure_time or arrival_time. If neither time is specified, the departure_time defaults to now (that is, the departure time defaults to the current time).
• For requests where the travel mode is driving: You can specify the departure_time to receive a route and trip duration (response field: duration_in_traffic) that take traffic conditions into account. The departure_time must be set to the current time or some time in the future. It cannot be in the past.

language

The language in which to return results. Note that this applies only to the geocoded addresses in start_address and end_address, the localized text in distance and duration fields (in legs and steps), and the description of maneuvers in html_instructions, but not to the names and addresses in html_instructions, which are formatted in their local language and script.

• See the list of supported languages. Google often updates the supported languages, so this list may not be exhaustive.
• If language is not supplied, the API attempts to use the preferred language as specified in the Accept-Language header.
• The API does its best to provide a street address that is readable for both the user and locals. To achieve that goal, it returns street addresses in the local language, transliterated to a script readable by the user if necessary, observing the preferred language. All other addresses are returned in the preferred language. Address components are all returned in the same language, which is chosen from the first component.
• If a name is not available in the preferred language, the API uses the closest match.
• The preferred language has a small influence on the set of results that the API chooses to return, and the order in which they are returned. The geocoder interprets abbreviations differently depending on language, such as the abbreviations for street types, or synonyms that may be valid in one language but not in another. For example, utca and tér are synonyms for street in Hungarian.

mode

For the calculation of distances and directions, you may specify the transportation mode to use. By default, driving mode is used. By default, directions are calculated as driving directions. The following travel modes are supported:

• driving (default) indicates standard driving directions or distance using the road network.
• walking requests walking directions or distance via pedestrian paths & sidewalks (where available).
• bicycling requests bicycling directions or distance via bicycle paths & preferred streets (where available).
• transit requests directions or distance using public transit routes (where available). If you set the mode to transit, you can optionally specify either a departure_time or an arrival_time. If neither time is specified, the departure_time defaults to now (that is, the departure time defaults to the current time). You can also optionally include a transit_mode and/or a transit_routing_preference. Transit trips are available for up to 7 days in the past or up to 100 days in the future, subject to availability of transit information supplied by data providers. Transit schedules change frequently, available transit trips may change over time and there is no guarantee to provide consistent results for predictions far in advance.

region

The region code, specified as a ccTLD ("top-level domain") two-character value. Most ccTLD codes are identical to ISO 3166-1 codes, with some notable exceptions. For example, the United Kingdom's ccTLD is "uk" (.co.uk) while its ISO 3166-1 code is "gb" (technically for the entity of "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland").

traffic_model

Specifies the assumptions to use when calculating time in traffic. This setting affects the value returned in the duration_in_traffic field in the response, which contains the predicted time in traffic based on historical averages. The traffic_model parameter may only be specified for driving directions where the request includes a departure_time. The available values for this parameter are:

• best_guess (default) indicates that the returned duration_in_traffic should be the best estimate of travel time given what is known about both historical traffic conditions and live traffic. Live traffic becomes more important the closer the departure_time is to now.
• pessimistic indicates that the returned duration_in_traffic should be longer than the actual travel time on most days, though occasional days with particularly bad traffic conditions may exceed this value.
• optimistic indicates that the returned duration_in_traffic should be shorter than the actual travel time on most days, though occasional days with particularly good traffic conditions may be faster than this value.

The default value of best_guess will give the most useful predictions for the vast majority of use cases. It is possible the best_guess travel time prediction may be shorter than optimistic, or alternatively, longer than pessimistic, due to the way the best_guess prediction model integrates live traffic information.

transit_mode

Specifies one or more preferred modes of transit. This parameter may only be specified for transit directions. The parameter supports the following arguments:

• bus indicates that the calculated route should prefer travel by bus.
• subway indicates that the calculated route should prefer travel by subway.
• train indicates that the calculated route should prefer travel by train.
• tram indicates that the calculated route should prefer travel by tram and light rail.
• rail indicates that the calculated route should prefer travel by train, tram, light rail, and subway. This is equivalent to transit_mode=train|tram|subway.

transit_routing_preference

Specifies preferences for transit routes. Using this parameter, you can bias the options returned, rather than accepting the default best route chosen by the API. This parameter may only be specified for transit directions. The parameter supports the following arguments:

• less_walking indicates that the calculated route should prefer limited amounts of walking.
• fewer_transfers indicates that the calculated route should prefer a limited number of transfers.

units

Specifies the unit system to use when displaying results.

Directions results contain text within distance fields that may be displayed to the user to indicate the distance of a particular "step" of the route. By default, this text uses the unit system of the origin's country or region.

For example, a route from "Chicago, IL" to "Toronto, ONT" will display results in miles, while the reverse route will display results in kilometers. You may override this unit system by setting one explicitly within the request's units parameter, passing one of the following values:

• metric specifies usage of the metric system. Textual distances are returned using kilometers and meters.
• imperial specifies usage of the Imperial (English) system. Textual distances are returned using miles and feet.

waypoints

Specifies an array of intermediate locations to include along the route between the origin and destination points as pass through or stopover locations. Waypoints alter a route by directing it through the specified location(s). The API supports waypoints for these travel modes: driving, walking and bicycling; not transit. You can supply one or more locations separated by the pipe character (| or %7C), in the form of a place ID, an address, or latitude/longitude coordinates. By default, the Directions service calculates a route using the waypoints in the order they are given. The precedence for parsing the value of the waypoint is place ID, latitude/longitude coordinates, then address.

• If you pass a place ID, you must prefix it with place_id:. You can retrieve place IDs from the Geocoding API and the Places API (including Place Autocomplete). For an example using place IDs from Place Autocomplete, see Place Autocomplete and Directions. For more about place IDs, see the Place ID overview.
  For efficiency and accuracy, use place ID's when possible. These ID's are uniquely explicit like a lat/lng value pair and provide geocoding benefits for routing such as access points and traffic variables. Unlike an address, ID's don't require the service to perform a search or an intermediate request for place details; therefore, performance is better.
• If you pass latitude/longitude coordinates, the values go directly to the frontend server to calculate directions without geocoding. The points are snapped to roads and might not provide the accuracy your app needs. Use coordinates when you are confident the values truly specify the points your app needs for routing without regard to possible access points or additional geocoding details. Ensure that a comma (%2C) and not a space (%20) separates the latitude and longitude values.
• If you pass an address, the Directions service will geocode the string and convert it into latitude/longitude coordinates to calculate directions. If the address value is ambiguous, the value might evoke a search to disambiguate from similar addresses. For example, "1st Street" could be a complete value or a partial value for "1st street NE" or "1st St SE". This result may be different from that returned by the Geocoding API. You can avoid possible misinterpretations using place IDs.
• Alternatively, you can supply an encoded set of points using the Encoded Polyline Algorithm. You will find an encoded set is useful for a large number of waypoints, because the URL is significantly shorter. All web services have a URL limit of 16384 characters.
  • Encoded polylines must be prefixed with enc: and followed by a colon (:). For example: waypoints=enc:gfo}EtohhU:.
  • You can also include multiple encoded polylines, separated by the pipe character (|). For example, waypoints=via:enc:wc~oAwquwMdlTxiKtqLyiK:|enc:c~vnAamswMvlTor@tjGi}L:| via:enc:udymA{~bxM:

Influence routes with stopover and pass-through waypoints

For each waypoint in the request, the directions response appends an entry to the legs array to provide the details for stopovers on that leg of the journey.

If you'd like to influence the route using waypoints without adding a stopover, add the prefix via: to the waypoint. Waypoints prefixed with via: won't add an entry to the legs array, but will route the journey through the waypoint.

The following URL modifies the previous request such that the journey is routed through Lexington without stopping:

https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?
origin=Boston,MA&destination=Concord,MA
&waypoints=Charlestown,MA|via:Lexington,MA

The via: prefix is most effective when creating routes in response to the user dragging the waypoints on the map. Doing so allows the user to see how the final route may look in real-time and helps ensure that waypoints are placed in locations that are accessible to the Directions API.

Optimize your waypoints

By default, the Directions service calculates a route through the provided waypoints in their given order. Optionally, you may pass optimize:true as the first argument within the waypoints parameter to allow the Directions service to optimize the provided route by rearranging the waypoints in a more efficient order. (This optimization is an application of the traveling salesperson problem.) Travel time is the primary factor which is optimized, but other factors such as distance, number of turns and many more may be taken into account when deciding which route is the most efficient. All waypoints must be stopovers for the Directions service to optimize their route.

If you instruct the Directions service to optimize the order of its waypoints, their order will be returned in the waypoint_order field within the routes object. The waypoint_order field returns values which are zero-based.

The following example calculates a road journey from Adelaide, South Australia to each of South Australia's main wine regions using route optimization.

https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?
origin=Adelaide,SA&destination=Adelaide,SA
&waypoints=optimize:true|Barossa+Valley,SA|Clare,SA|Connawarra,SA|McLaren+Vale,SA

Inspection of the calculated route will indicate that calculation uses waypoints in the following waypoint order:

"waypoint_order": [ 3, 2, 0, 1 ]

What's next

Directions examples

• Travel modes
• Traffic information
• Waypoints and waypoint optimization
• Route restrictions
• Unit systems
• Region biasing
• Location modifiers

Directions responses

• DirectionsResponse
• DirectionsRoute
• DirectionsLeg
• DirectionsStep and DirectionsPolyline
• DirectionsTransitDetails
• DirectionsStatus
• DirectionsGeocodedWaypoint