透過 OAuth 式 Google 登入簡化帳戶連結程序

以 OAuth 為基礎的 Google 登入「簡化」連結類型，會在以 OAuth 為基礎的帳戶連結上新增 Google 登入功能。這項功能可讓 Google 使用者透過語音順暢地連結帳戶，也能讓使用非 Google 身分註冊服務的使用者連結帳戶。

這類連結會先進行 Google 登入，讓您檢查系統中是否有使用者的 Google 個人資料資訊。如果系統找不到使用者的資訊，就會啟動標準 OAuth 流程。使用者也可以選擇使用 Google 個人資料資訊建立新帳戶。

如要使用簡化連結類型執行帳戶連結，請按照下列一般步驟操作：

1. 首先，請使用者同意存取他們的 Google 個人資料。
2. 使用個人資料中的資訊識別使用者。
3. 如果驗證系統中沒有相符的 Google 使用者，系統會根據您在 Actions 管理中心設定的 Actions 專案，決定是否允許透過語音或僅透過網站建立使用者帳戶，然後繼續執行流程。
   • 如果允許透過語音建立帳戶，請驗證從 Google 收到的 ID 權杖。然後根據 ID 權杖中包含的設定檔資訊建立使用者。
   • 如果不允許透過語音建立帳戶，系統會將使用者轉移至瀏覽器，載入授權頁面並完成使用者建立流程。

支援透過語音建立帳戶

如果允許使用者透過語音建立帳戶，Google 助理會詢問使用者是否要執行下列操作：

• 使用對方的 Google 帳戶資訊在系統上建立新帳戶，或
• 如果使用者有現有的非 Google 帳戶，請使用其他帳戶登入驗證系統。

如要盡量減少帳戶建立流程的阻力，建議允許透過語音建立帳戶。如果使用者想使用現有的非 Google 帳戶登入，才需要離開語音流程。

禁止透過語音建立帳戶

如果禁止透過語音建立使用者帳戶，Google 助理會開啟您提供的使用者驗證網站網址。如果互動發生在沒有螢幕的裝置上，Google 助理會引導使用者前往手機，繼續完成帳戶連結流程。

在下列情況下，建議禁止建立：

• 您不希望允許非 Google 帳戶使用者建立新帳戶，而是希望他們連結至驗證系統中的現有帳戶。舉例來說，如果您提供會員方案，可能需要確保使用者不會失去現有帳戶累積的點數。

• 您必須完全掌控帳戶建立流程。舉例來說，如果您需要在帳戶建立期間向使用者顯示服務條款，可以禁止建立帳戶。

實作以 OAuth 為基礎的 Google 登入「簡化」連結

帳戶會透過業界標準的 OAuth 2.0 流程連結。 Actions on Google 支援隱含和授權碼流程。

In the implicit code flow, Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. After successful sign in, you return a long-lived access token to Google. This access token is now included in every request sent from the Assistant to your Action.

In the authorization code flow, you need two endpoints:

• The authorization endpoint, which is responsible for presenting the sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and recording consent to the requested access in the form of a short-lived authorization code.
• The token exchange endpoint, which is responsible for two types of exchanges:
  1. Exchanges an authorization code for a long-lived refresh token and a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when the user goes through the account linking flow.
  2. Exchanges a long-lived refresh token for a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when Google needs a new access token because the one it had expired.

Although the implicit code flow is simpler to implement, Google recommends that access tokens issued using the implicit flow never expire, because using token expiration with the implicit flow forces the user to link their account again. If you need token expiration for security reasons, you should strongly consider using the auth code flow instead.

設定專案

如要設定專案以使用簡化連結，請按照下列步驟操作：

1. 開啟 Actions 管理中心，然後選取要使用的專案。
2. 按一下「開發」分頁，然後選擇「帳戶連結」。
3. 將「帳戶連結」旁的切換鈕設為開啟。
4. 在「帳戶建立」部分中，選取「是」。

5. 在「連結類型」中，選取「OAuth 和 Google 登入」和「隱含」。

   

6. 在「Client Information」(客戶資訊) 中，執行下列操作：

   • 為「Google 簽發給動作的用戶端 ID」指派值，以識別來自 Google 的要求。
   • 插入授權和權杖交換端點的網址。

7. 按一下 [儲存]。

導入 OAuth 伺服器

To support the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, your service makes an authorization endpoint available by HTTPS. This endpoint is responsible for authenticating and obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access.

When your Action needs to call one of your service's authorized APIs, Google uses this endpoint to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.

A typical OAuth 2.0 implicit flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:

1. Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. The user signs in if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API if they haven't already granted permission.
2. Your service creates an access token and returns it to Google by redirecting the user's browser back to Google with the access token attached to the request.
3. Google calls your service's APIs, and attaches the access token with each request. Your service verifies that the access token grants Google authorization to access the API and then completes the API call.

Handle authorization requests

When your Action needs to perform account linking via an OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:

For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/auth, a request might look like:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&response_type=token

For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:

1. Verify the client_id and redirect_uri values to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps:

   • Confirm that the client_id matches the client ID you assigned to Google.
   • Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter has the following form:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID

     YOUR_PROJECT_ID is the ID found on the Project settings page of the Actions Console.

2. Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.

3. Generate an access token that Google will use to access your API. The access token can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for and must not be guessable.

4. Send an HTTP response that redirects the user's browser to the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter. Include all of the following parameters in the URL fragment:

   • access_token: the access token you just generated
   • token_type: the string bearer
   • state: the unmodified state value from the original request The following is an example of the resulting URL:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID#access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN&token_type=bearer&state=STATE_STRING

Google's OAuth 2.0 redirect handler will receive the access token and confirm that the state value hasn't changed. After Google has obtained an access token for your service, Google will attach the token to subsequent calls to your Action as part of the AppRequest.

Handle automatic linking

After the user gives your Action consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a user_not_found error.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&consent_code=CONSENT_CODE&scope=SCOPES

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

When your token exchange endpoint receives the linking request, it should do the following:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": 1234567890,        // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "locale": "en_US"
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com and that the audience (aud field) is the client ID assigned to your Action.

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, the user has already signed up and you can issue an access token.

If neither the Google Account ID nor the email address specified in the assertion matches a user in your database, the user hasn't signed up yet. In this case, your token exchange endpoint should reply with a HTTP 401 error, that specifies error=user_not_found, as in the following example:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"user_not_found",
}

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create, as in the following example:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&consent_code=CONSENT_CODE&assertion=JWT[&NEW_ACCOUNT_INFO]

The assertion parameter contains A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to account creation requests, your token exchange endpoint must do the following:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": 1234567890,        // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "locale": "en_US"
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com and that the audience (aud field) is the client ID assigned to your Action.

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account by responding to the request with an HTTP 401 error, specifying error=linking_error and the user's email address as the login_hint, as in the following example:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

If neither condition is true, create a new user account using the information provided in the JWT. New accounts do not typically have a password set. It is recommended that you add Google Sign In to other platforms to enable users to log in via Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password for signing in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
  
  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

設計驗證流程的語音使用者介面

檢查使用者是否已通過驗證，然後開始帳戶連結流程

1. 在 Actions Console 中開啟 Actions Builder 專案。
2. 在動作中建立新場景，開始連結帳戶：
   1. 按一下「場景」。
   2. 按一下「新增」 (+) 圖示，即可新增場景。
3. 在新建立的場景中，按一下「條件」的「新增」圖示 add。
4. 新增條件，檢查與對話相關聯的使用者是否為已驗證使用者。如果檢查失敗，動作就無法在對話期間執行帳戶連結，且應改為提供不需要帳戶連結的功能存取權。
   1. 在「條件」下方的 Enter new expression 欄位中，輸入下列邏輯： user.verificationStatus != "VERIFIED"
   2. 在「轉場效果」下方，選取不需要連結帳戶的場景，或是僅限訪客使用的功能進入點場景。

1. 按一下「條件」的「新增」add圖示。
2. 新增條件，在使用者沒有相關聯的身分時觸發帳戶連結流程。
   1. 在「條件」下方的 Enter new expression 欄位中，輸入下列邏輯： user.verificationStatus == "VERIFIED"
   2. 在「Transition」下方，選取「Account Linking」系統場景。
   3. 按一下 [儲存]。

儲存後，專案中會新增名為「<SceneName>_AccountLinking」的帳戶連結系統場景。

自訂帳戶連結場景

1. 在「場景」下方，選取帳戶連結系統場景。
2. 按一下「傳送提示」，並新增簡短句子，向使用者說明動作為何需要存取身分識別資訊 (例如「儲存偏好設定」)。
3. 按一下 [儲存]。

1. 按一下「條件」下方的「如果使用者成功完成帳戶連結」。
2. 設定使用者同意連結帳戶時，流程應如何繼續進行。 舉例來說，呼叫 Webhook 來處理任何必要的自訂商業邏輯，然後返回原始場景。
3. 按一下 [儲存]。

1. 在「條件」下方，按一下「如果使用者取消或關閉帳戶連結」。
2. 設定使用者不同意連結帳戶時，流程應如何進行。舉例來說，傳送確認訊息，然後重新導向至不需要帳戶連結的功能場景。
3. 按一下 [儲存]。

1. 在「條件」下方，按一下「如果發生系統或網路錯誤」。
2. 設定帳戶連結流程因系統或網路錯誤而無法完成時，流程應如何繼續。舉例來說，傳送確認訊息，然後重新導向至不需要帳戶連結的功能場景。
3. 按一下 [儲存]。

處理資料存取要求

如果Google 助理要求包含存取權杖，請先檢查存取權杖是否有效且未過期，然後從使用者帳戶資料庫中擷取與權杖相關聯的使用者帳戶。