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驗證伺服器端的 Google ID 權杖

Google 傳回 ID 權杖後，會透過 HTTP POST 方法要求，將權杖連同參數名稱 credential 提交至登入端點。

以下是 Python 語言的範例，說明驗證及使用 ID 權杖的一般步驟：

驗證跨網站偽造要求 (CSRF) 權杖。當您將憑證提交至登入端點時，我們會使用雙重提交 Cookie 模式來防範 CSRF 攻擊。每次提交前，我們都會產生權杖。接著，將權杖放入 Cookie 和 POST 主體中，如以下程式碼範例所示：

csrf_token_cookie = self.request.cookies.get('g_csrf_token')
if not csrf_token_cookie:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'No CSRF token in Cookie.')
csrf_token_body = self.request.get('g_csrf_token')
if not csrf_token_body:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'No CSRF token in post body.')
if csrf_token_cookie != csrf_token_body:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'Failed to verify double submit cookie.')

驗證 ID 權杖。

如要驗證權杖是否有效，請確認符合下列條件：
- ID 權杖已由 Google 正確簽署。使用 Google 的公開金鑰 (提供 JWK 或 PEM 格式)，驗證權杖的簽名。這些金鑰會定期輪替，請檢查回應中的 Cache-Control 標頭，判斷何時應再次擷取金鑰。
- ID 權杖中的 aud 值等於應用程式的其中一個用戶端 ID。這項檢查是必要的，可防止惡意應用程式使用發給該應用程式的 ID 權杖，存取您應用程式後端伺服器上同一位使用者的資料。
- ID 權杖中的 iss 值等於 accounts.google.com 或 https://accounts.google.com。
- ID 權杖的到期時間 (exp) 尚未到期。
- 如要驗證 ID 權杖是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 機構帳戶，可以檢查 hd 聲明，其中會指出使用者的代管網域。如要限制只有特定網域的成員可以存取資源，就必須使用這項設定。如果沒有這項聲明，表示帳戶不屬於 Google 代管網域。
使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 欄位，即可判斷 Google 是否代管電子郵件地址，以及是否為該地址的授權主機。如果 Google 是授權機構，且使用者是已知的合法帳戶擁有者，您可以略過密碼或其他驗證方法。

Google 是權威來源的情況：
- email 結尾，這就是 Gmail 帳戶。@gmail.com
- 為 true 且 hd 已設定，則為 Google Workspace 帳戶。email_verified
使用者可以註冊 Google 帳戶，不必使用 Gmail 或 Google Workspace。如果 email 不含 @gmail.com 後置字串，且沒有 hd，Google 就不是授權機構，建議使用密碼或其他驗證方法來驗證使用者。email_verified 也可能成立，因為 Google 最初是在建立 Google 帳戶時驗證使用者，但第三方電子郵件帳戶的擁有權可能已變更。

強烈建議您使用適用於平台的 Google API 用戶端程式庫，或一般用途的 JWT 程式庫，而不要自行編寫程式碼來執行這些驗證步驟。如要進行開發和偵錯，可以呼叫我們的tokeninfo驗證端點。

Using a Google API Client Library

Using one of the Google API Client Libraries (e.g. Java, Node.js, PHP, Python) is the recommended way to validate Google ID tokens in a production environment.
Java

To validate an ID token in Java, use the GoogleIdTokenVerifier object. For example:
```
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier;

...

GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory)
    // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(WEB_CLIENT_ID))
    // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
    //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3))
    .build();

// (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST)

GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString);
if (idToken != null) {
  Payload payload = idToken.getPayload();

  // Print user identifier. This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for
  // use as a primary key during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be
  // changed by the user.
  String userId = payload.getSubject();
  System.out.println("User ID: " + userId);

  // Get profile information from payload
  String email = payload.getEmail();
  boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified());
  String name = (String) payload.get("name");
  String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture");
  String locale = (String) payload.get("locale");
  String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name");
  String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name");

  // Use or store profile information
  // ...

} else {
  System.out.println("Invalid ID token.");
}
```
The GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify() method verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the iss claim, and the exp claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can verify the hd claim by checking the domain name returned by the Payload.getHostedDomain() method. The domain of the email claim is insufficient to ensure that the account is managed by a domain or organization.
Node.js

To validate an ID token in Node.js, use the Google Auth Library for Node.js. Install the library:
```
npm install google-auth-library --save
```
Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:
```
const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library');
const client = new OAuth2Client();
async function verify() {
  const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({
      idToken: token,
      audience: WEB_CLIENT_ID,  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
      // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
      //[WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]
  });
  const payload = ticket.getPayload();
  // This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
  // during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
  const userid = payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain:
  // const domain = payload['hd'];
}
verify().catch(console.error);
```
The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.
PHP

To validate an ID token in PHP, use the Google API Client Library for PHP. Install the library (for example, using Composer):
```
composer require google/apiclient
```
Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:
```
require_once 'vendor/autoload.php';

// Get $id_token via HTTPS POST.

$client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $WEB_CLIENT_ID]);  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
$payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token);
if ($payload) {
  // This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
  // during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
  $userid = $payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
  //$domain = $payload['hd'];
} else {
  // Invalid ID token
}
```
The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.
Python

To validate an ID token in Python, use the verify_oauth2_token function. For example:
```
from google.oauth2 import id_token
from google.auth.transport import requests

# (Receive token by HTTPS POST)
# ...

try:
    # Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), WEB_CLIENT_ID)

    # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server:
    # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request())
    # if idinfo['aud'] not in [WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]:
    #     raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.')

    # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
    # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME:
    #     raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.')

    # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token.
    # This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
    # during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
    userid = idinfo['sub']
except ValueError:
    # Invalid token
    pass
```
The verify_oauth2_token function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, and the exp claim. You must also verify the hd claim (if applicable) by examining the object that verify_oauth2_token returns. If multiple clients access the backend server, also manually verify the aud claim.
重點提示： ID 權杖會傳回至 credential 欄位，而非 g_csrf_token 欄位。
確認權杖有效性後，您可以使用 Google ID 權杖中的資訊，將網站的帳戶狀態連結起來：
- 未註冊的使用者：您可以顯示註冊使用者介面 (UI)，讓使用者提供其他個人資料 (如有需要)。這項功能還可讓使用者靜默建立新帳戶和登入的使用者工作階段。
- 現有帳戶：您可以顯示網頁，讓使用者輸入密碼，並將舊帳戶連結至 Google 憑證。這表示使用者有現有帳戶的存取權。
- 回訪的聯合式使用者：您可以讓使用者無聲登入。

驗證伺服器端的 Google ID 權杖 透過集合功能整理內容 你可以依據偏好儲存及分類內容。

Using a Google API Client Library

驗證伺服器端的 Google ID 權杖