在服务器端验证 Google ID 令牌

Google 返回 ID 令牌后，会通过 HTTP POST 方法请求（参数名称为 credential）将其提交到您的登录端点。

以下是 Python 语言中的示例，展示了验证和使用 ID 令牌的常规步骤：

  1. 验证跨站请求伪造 (CSRF) 令牌。当您向登录端点提交凭据时，我们会使用双重提交 Cookie 模式来防范 CSRF 攻击。在每次提交之前，我们都会生成一个令牌。然后，将令牌放入 Cookie 和 POST 正文中，如以下代码示例所示：

    csrf_token_cookie = self.request.cookies.get('g_csrf_token')
if not csrf_token_cookie:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'No CSRF token in Cookie.')
csrf_token_body = self.request.get('g_csrf_token')
if not csrf_token_body:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'No CSRF token in post body.')
if csrf_token_cookie != csrf_token_body:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'Failed to verify double submit cookie.')

  2. 验证 ID 令牌。

    如需验证令牌是否有效，请确保满足以下条件：

    • ID 令牌已由 Google 正确签名。使用 Google 的公钥（以 JWK 或 PEM 格式提供）验证令牌的签名。这些密钥会定期轮换；请检查响应中的 Cache-Control 标头，以确定何时应再次检索这些密钥。
    • ID 令牌中的 aud 值等于您应用的某个客户端 ID。此检查是必要的，可防止向恶意应用发放的 ID 令牌被用于访问您应用后端服务器上有关同一用户的数据。
    • ID 令牌中 iss 的值等于 accounts.google.com 或 https://accounts.google.com。
    • ID 令牌的到期时间 (exp) 尚未到期。
    • 如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号，可以检查 hd 声明，该声明表示用户的托管网域。如果需要将对资源的访问权限限制为仅限特定网域的成员，则必须使用此方法。如果缺少此声明，则表示相应账号不属于 Google 托管网域。

    通过使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 是否托管某个电子邮件地址并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 是权威方，则表示用户是合法的账号所有者，您可以跳过密码或其他身份验证方法。

    Google 具有权威性的情况：

    • email 带有 @gmail.com 后缀，则表示这是 Gmail 账号。
    • email_verified 为 true 且设置了 hd，则为 Google Workspace 账号。

    用户可以注册 Google 账号，而无需使用 Gmail 或 Google Workspace。如果 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀且 hd 不存在，则 Google 不具有权威性，建议使用密码或其他质询方法来验证用户身份。email_verified 也可能为 true，因为 Google 最初在创建 Google 账号时验证了用户身份，但第三方电子邮件账号的所有权可能已发生变化。

    我们强烈建议您使用适用于您平台的 Google API 客户端库或通用 JWT 库，而不是自行编写代码来执行这些验证步骤。对于开发和调试，您可以调用我们的 tokeninfo 验证端点。

    Using a Google API Client Library

    Using one of the Google API Client Libraries (e.g. Java, Node.js, PHP, Python) is the recommended way to validate Google ID tokens in a production environment.

    Java

    To validate an ID token in Java, use the GoogleIdTokenVerifier object. For example:

    import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier;

...

GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory)
    // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(WEB_CLIENT_ID))
    // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
    //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3))
    .build();

// (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST)

GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString);
if (idToken != null) {
  Payload payload = idToken.getPayload();

  // Print user identifier
  String userId = payload.getSubject();
  System.out.println("User ID: " + userId);

  // Get profile information from payload
  String email = payload.getEmail();
  boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified());
  String name = (String) payload.get("name");
  String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture");
  String locale = (String) payload.get("locale");
  String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name");
  String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name");

  // Use or store profile information
  // ...

} else {
  System.out.println("Invalid ID token.");
}

    The GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify() method verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the iss claim, and the exp claim.

    If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can verify the hd claim by checking the domain name returned by the Payload.getHostedDomain() method. The domain of the email claim is insufficient to ensure that the account is managed by a domain or organization.

    Node.js

    To validate an ID token in Node.js, use the Google Auth Library for Node.js. Install the library: 

    npm install google-auth-library --save
     Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:

    const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library');
const client = new OAuth2Client();
async function verify() {
  const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({
      idToken: token,
      audience: WEB_CLIENT_ID,  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
      // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
      //[WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]
  });
  const payload = ticket.getPayload();
  const userid = payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain:
  // const domain = payload['hd'];
}
verify().catch(console.error);

    The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

    If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

    PHP

    To validate an ID token in PHP, use the Google API Client Library for PHP. Install the library (for example, using Composer): 

    composer require google/apiclient
     Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:

    require_once 'vendor/autoload.php';

// Get $id_token via HTTPS POST.

$client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $WEB_CLIENT_ID]);  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
$payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token);
if ($payload) {
  $userid = $payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
  //$domain = $payload['hd'];
} else {
  // Invalid ID token
}

    The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

    If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

    Python

    To validate an ID token in Python, use the verify_oauth2_token function. For example:

    from google.oauth2 import id_token
from google.auth.transport import requests

# (Receive token by HTTPS POST)
# ...

try:
    # Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), WEB_CLIENT_ID)

    # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server:
    # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request())
    # if idinfo['aud'] not in [WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]:
    #     raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.')

    # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
    # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME:
    #     raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.')

    # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token.
    userid = idinfo['sub']
except ValueError:
    # Invalid token
    pass

    The verify_oauth2_token function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, and the exp claim. You must also verify the hd claim (if applicable) by examining the object that verify_oauth2_token returns. If multiple clients access the backend server, also manually verify the aud claim.

  3. 确认令牌有效后，您可以使用 Google ID 令牌中的信息来关联您网站的账号状态：

    • 未注册的用户：您可以显示注册界面 (UI)，以便用户根据需要提供其他个人资料信息。它还允许用户静默创建新账号和已登录的用户会话。

    • 您网站上已有的现有账号：您可以显示一个网页，让最终用户输入密码，并将旧账号与其 Google 凭据相关联。这将确认用户是否有权访问现有账号。

    • 回访的联合用户：您可以静默登录用户。