使用 OAuth 进行 Google 帐号关联

帐号使用行业标准的 OAuth 2.0 隐式和授权代码流程来关联。您的服务必须支持符合 OAuth 2.0 规范的授权和令牌交换端点。

在隐式流程中，Google 会在用户的浏览器中打开您的授权端点。成功登录后，系统会将长期访问令牌返回到 Google。现在，从 Google 发送的每个请求中都包含此访问令牌。

在授权代码流程中，您需要两个端点：

  • 授权端点 - 向尚未登录的用户显示登录界面。授权端点还会创建一个短期授权代码，用于记录用户针对所请求的访问权限的同意情况。

  • 令牌交换端点，负责两种交换类型：

    1. 将授权代码交换为长期刷新令牌和短期访问令牌。这种交换会在用户完成帐号关联流程时进行。
    2. 将长期有效的刷新令牌交换为短期访问令牌。当 Google 需要新的访问令牌时，由于此令牌已过期，因此出现这种交换。

选择 OAuth 2.0 流程

虽然隐式数据流的实现过程更简单，但 Google 建议隐式数据流签发的访问令牌永远不会过期。这是因为在令牌随隐式流程过期后，用户被迫再次关联自己的帐号。出于安全考虑，如果您需要令牌过期，我们强烈建议您改为使用授权代码流程。

设计准则

本部分将介绍针对 OAuth 关联流程托管的用户屏幕的设计要求和建议。在由 Google 的应用调用后，您的平台会向用户显示“登录 Google”页面和帐号关联屏幕。用户同意关联帐号后，会被重定向回 Google 的应用。

此图显示了用户将其 Google 帐号与身份验证系统关联的步骤。第一个屏幕截图显示了用户从您的平台发起的关联。第二张图片展示了用户登录 Google 的界面，第三张图片显示了用户同意将其 Google 帐号与应用关联的确认消息。最后的屏幕截图显示的是已成功在 Google 应用中关联的用户帐号。
图 1.帐号关联用户登录 Google 和同意屏幕。

要求

  1. 您必须告知用户该用户帐号将与 Google 关联，而不是与特定 Google 产品（例如 Google Home 或 Google 助理）关联。

建议

建议您执行以下操作：

  1. 显示 Google 的隐私权政策。在同意屏幕上添加指向 Google 隐私权政策的链接。

  2. 要共享的数据。使用简洁明了的语言向用户说明他们的 Google 需要哪些数据以及为何收集这些数据。

  3. 明确的号召性用语。在同意屏幕上提供明确的号召性用语，例如“同意并关联”。这是因为用户需要了解他们需要与 Google 共享哪些数据，才能关联帐号。

  4. 能够取消。如果用户不关联，则可以提供返回或取消的方式。

  5. 清除登录流程。确保用户有明确的登录 Google 帐号的方法，例如用户名和密码字段或使用 Google 帐号登录字段。

  6. 能够解除关联。为用户提供解除关联的机制，例如他们在平台上的帐号设置网址。或者，您也可以添加指向 Google 帐号的链接，以便用户可以管理关联的帐号。

  7. 能够更改用户帐号。推荐一种供用户切换帐号的方法。如果用户往往拥有多个帐号，这一点尤其有用。

    • 如果用户必须关闭同意屏幕才能切换帐号，请向 Google 发送一个可恢复错误，以便用户通过 OAuth 关联和隐式流程登录所需帐号。

  8. 添加徽标。在同意屏幕上显示公司徽标。 根据样式指南放置徽标。如果您还希望显示 Google 的徽标，请参阅徽标和商标。

Create the project

To create your project to use account linking:

  1. Go to the Google API Console.
  2. 单击创建项目 。
  3. 输入名称或接受生成的建议。
  4. 确认或编辑所有剩余字段。
  5. 点击创建 。

要查看您的项目ID：

  1. Go to the Google API Console.
  2. 在登录页面的表格中找到您的项目。项目ID出现在ID列中。

The Google Account Linking process includes a consent screen which tells users the application requesting access to their data, what kind of data they are asking for and the terms that apply. You will need to configure your OAuth consent screen before generating a Google API client ID.

  1. Open the OAuth consent screen page of the Google APIs console.
  2. If prompted, select the project you just created.

  3. On the "OAuth consent screen" page, fill out the form and click the “Save” button.

    Application name: The name of the application asking for consent. The name should accurately reflect your application and be consistent with the application name users see elsewhere. The application name will be shown on the Account Linking consent screen.

    Application logo: An image on the consent screen that will help users recognize your app. The logo is shown on Account linking consent screen and on account settings

    Support email: For users to contact you with questions about their consent.

    Scopes for Google APIs: Scopes allow your application to access your user's private Google data. For the Google Account Linking use case, default scope (email, profile, openid) is sufficient, you don’t need to add any sensitive scopes. It is generally a best practice to request scopes incrementally, at the time access is required, rather than up front. Learn more.

    Authorized domains: To protect you and your users, Google only allows applications that authenticate using OAuth to use Authorized Domains. Your applications' links must be hosted on Authorized Domains. Learn more.

    Application Homepage link: Home page for your application. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.

    Application Privacy Policy link: Shown on Google Account Linking consent screen. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.

    Application Terms of Service link (Optional): Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.

    Figure 1. Google Account Linking Consent Screen for a fictitious Application, Tunery

  4. Check "Verification Status", if your application needs verification then click the "Submit For Verification" button to submit your application for verification. Refer to OAuth verification requirements for details.

实现 OAuth 服务器

An OAuth 2.0 server implementation of the authorization code flow consists of two endpoints, which your service makes available by HTTPS. The first endpoint is the authorization endpoint, which is responsible for finding or obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access. The second endpoint is the token exchange endpoint, which is used to obtain encrypted strings, called tokens, that authorize a user to access your service.

When a Google application needs to call one of your service's APIs, Google uses these endpoints together to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.

An OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:

  1. Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. If the flow started on a voice-only device for an Action, Google transfers the execution to a phone.
  2. The user signs in, if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API, if they haven't already granted permission.
  3. Your service creates an authorization code and returns it to Google. To do so, redirect the user's browser back to Google with the authorization code attached to the request.
  4. Google sends the authorization code to your token exchange endpoint, which verifies the authenticity of the code and returns an access token and a refresh token. The access token is a short-lived token that your service accepts as credentials to access APIs. The refresh token is a long-lived token that Google can store and use to acquire new access tokens when they expire.
  5. After the user has completed the account linking flow, every subsequent request sent from Google contains an access token.

Handle authorization requests

When you need to perform account linking using the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:

Authorization endpoint parameters
client_id The Client ID you assigned to Google.
redirect_uri The URL to which you send the response to this request.
state A bookkeeping value that is passed back to Google unchanged in the redirect URI.
scope Optional: A space-delimited set of scope strings that specify the data Google is requesting authorization for.
response_type The type of value to return in the response. For the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, the response type is always code.
user_locale The Google Account language setting in RFC5646 format, used to localize your content in the user's preferred language.

For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/auth, a request might look like the following:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&scope=REQUESTED_SCOPES&response_type=code&user_locale=LOCALE

For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:

  1. Verify that the client_id matches the Client ID you assigned to Google, and that the redirect_uri matches the redirect URL provided by Google for your service. These checks are important to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps. If you support multiple OAuth 2.0 flows, also confirm that the response_type is code.
  2. Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.
  3. Generate an authorization code for Google to use to access your API. The authorization code can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user, the client the token is for, and the code's expiration time, and it must not be guessable. You typically issue authorization codes that expire after approximately 10 minutes.
  4. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter has the following form: 
      https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
  https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
  5. Redirect the user's browser to the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter. Include the authorization code you just generated and the original, unmodified state value when you redirect by appending the code and state parameters. The following is an example of the resulting URL: 
    https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID?code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&state=STATE_STRING

Handle token exchange requests

Your service's token exchange endpoint is responsible for two kinds of token exchanges:

  • Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens
  • Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

Token exchange requests include the following parameters:

Token exchange endpoint parameters
client_id A string that identifies the request origin as Google. This string must be registered within your system as Google's unique identifier.
client_secret A secret string that you registered with Google for your service.
grant_type The type of token being exchanged. It's either authorization_code or refresh_token.
code When grant_type=authorization_code, this parameter is the code Google received from either your sign-in or token exchange endpoint.
redirect_uri When grant_type=authorization_code, this parameter is the URL used in the initial authorization request.
refresh_token When grant_type=refresh_token, this parameter is the refresh token Google received from your token exchange endpoint.
Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens

After the user signs in and your authorization endpoint returns a short-lived authorization code to Google, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange the authorization code for an access token and a refresh token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is authorization_code, and the value of code is the value of the authorization code you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange an authorization code for an access token and a refresh token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=authorization_code&code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI

To exchange authorization codes for an access token and a refresh token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

  1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as an authorized origin, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
  2. Verify that the authorization code is valid and not expired, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the authorization code.
  3. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter is identical to the value used in the initial authorization request.
  4. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
  5. Otherwise, use the user ID from the authorization code to generate a refresh token and an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, which is typically an hour after you issue the token. Refresh tokens don't expire.
  6. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response: 
    {
"token_type": "Bearer",
"access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
"refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",
"expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

Google stores the access token and the refresh token for the user and records the expiration of the access token. When the access token expires, Google uses the refresh token to get a new access token from your token exchange endpoint.

Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

When an access token expires, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange a refresh token for a new access token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is refresh_token, and the value of refresh_token is the value of the refresh token you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange a refresh token for an access token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token=REFRESH_TOKEN

To exchange a refresh token for an access token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

  1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as Google, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
  2. Verify that the refresh token is valid, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the refresh token.
  3. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
  4. Otherwise, use the user ID from the refresh token to generate an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, typically an hour after you issue the token.
  5. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response: 
    {
"token_type": "Bearer",
"access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
"expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}
处理用户信息请求

该用户信息终端是一个OAuth 2.0保护的资源，对链接的用户返回的权利要求。实现和托管 userinfo 端点是可选的，以下用例除外：

从您的令牌端点成功检索访问令牌后，Google 会向您的 userinfo 端点发送请求，以检索有关链接用户的基本个人资料信息。

userinfo 端点请求标头
Authorization header Bearer 类型的访问令牌。

例如，如果你的用户信息终端可在https://myservice.example.com/userinfo ，请求看起来像下面这样：

GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1
Host: myservice.example.com
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN

要让您的 userinfo 端点处理请求，请执行以下步骤：

  1. 从 Authorization 标头中提取访问令牌并返回与访问令牌关联的用户的信息。
  2. 如果访问令牌无效，返回HTTP 401错误未经授权使用的WWW-Authenticate响应头。下面是一个userinfo的错误响应的一个示例：
    HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token",
error_description="The Access Token expired"
    如果一个401未经授权，或任何其它不成功错误响应在关联过程返回时，误差将是不可恢复的，所检索的令牌将被丢弃，并且用户将必须再次启动链接过程。

  3. 如果访问令牌是有效的，回国与以下JSON对象在HTTPS响应的身体HTTP 200回应： 

    {
"sub": "USER_UUID",
"email": "EMAIL_ADDRESS",
"given_name": "FIRST_NAME",
"family_name": "LAST_NAME",
"name": "FULL_NAME",
"picture": "PROFILE_PICTURE",
}
    如果你的用户信息端点返回一个HTTP 200成功响应，检索到的令牌和索赔登记针对用户的谷歌帐户。

    用户信息端点响应
    sub标识系统中用户的唯一 ID。
    email用户的电子邮件地址。
    given_name可选：用户的名字。
    family_name可选：用户的姓氏。
    name可选：用户的全名。
    picture可选：用户的档案图片。

验证您的实现

您可以通过使用验证实现的OAuth 2.0游乐场工具。

在工具中，执行以下步骤：

  1. 单击配置打开的OAuth 2.0配置窗口。
  2. 在OAuth流场中，选择客户端。
  3. 在OAuth端点字段中，选择自定义。
  4. 在相应字段中指定您的 OAuth 2.0 端点和您分配给 Google 的客户端 ID。
  5. 在步骤1部分，不要选择任何谷歌范围。相反，将此字段留空或键入对您的服务器有效的范围（如果不使用 OAuth 范围，则输入任意字符串）。当您完成后，单击授权的API。
  6. 在步骤2和步骤3段，完成OAuth 2.0流程和验证每个步骤按预期工作。

您可以通过验证您的实现谷歌帐户链接演示工具。

在工具中，执行以下步骤：

  1. 点击登录在与谷歌按钮。
  2. 选择您要关联的帐户。
  3. 输入服务标识。
  4. （可选）输入您将请求访问的一个或多个范围。
  5. 单击开始演示。
  6. 出现提示时，确认您可以同意并拒绝链接请求。
  7. 确认您被重定向到您的平台。