Penautan Akun Google dengan OAuth

Akun ditautkan menggunakan alur implisit dan kode otorisasi OAuth 2.0 standar industri. Layanan Anda harus mendukung endpoint otorisasi dan pertukaran token yang mematuhi OAuth 2.0.

Dalam alur implisit, Google akan membuka endpoint otorisasi Anda di browser pengguna. Setelah berhasil login, Anda akan menampilkan token akses dengan masa berlaku lama ke Google. Token akses ini kini disertakan dalam setiap permintaan yang dikirim dari Google.

Dalam alur kode otorisasi, Anda memerlukan dua endpoint:

• Endpoint Authorization, yang menampilkan UI login kepada pengguna Anda yang belum login. Endpoint otorisasi juga membuat kode otorisasi berumur pendek untuk mencatat izin pengguna ke akses yang diminta.

• Endpoint pertukaran token, yang bertanggung jawab atas dua jenis pertukaran:

  1. Menukar kode otorisasi dengan token refresh yang berumur panjang dan token akses yang berumur singkat. Pertukaran ini terjadi saat pengguna melalui alur penautan akun.
  2. Menukar token refresh yang memiliki masa aktif lama dengan token akses yang memiliki masa aktif singkat. Pertukaran ini terjadi saat Google memerlukan token akses baru karena token yang ada sudah tidak berlaku lagi.

Pilih alur OAuth 2.0

Meskipun alur implisit lebih mudah diterapkan, Google merekomendasikan agar token akses yang dikeluarkan oleh alur implisit tidak pernah berakhir masa berlakunya. Hal ini karena pengguna dipaksa untuk menautkan akunnya lagi setelah token berakhir masa berlakunya dengan alur implisit. Jika Anda memerlukan masa berlaku token karena alasan keamanan, sebaiknya gunakan alur kode otorisasi.

Panduan desain

Bagian ini menjelaskan persyaratan dan rekomendasi desain untuk layar pengguna yang Anda host untuk alur penautan OAuth. Setelah dipanggil oleh aplikasi Google, platform Anda akan menampilkan halaman login ke Google dan layar izin penautan akun ke pengguna. Pengguna akan diarahkan kembali ke aplikasi Google setelah memberikan izin untuk menautkan akun.

Persyaratan

1. Anda harus menyampaikan bahwa akun pengguna akan ditautkan ke Google, bukan produk Google tertentu seperti Google Home atau Asisten Google.

Rekomendasi

Sebaiknya Anda melakukan hal berikut:

1. Menampilkan Kebijakan Privasi Google. Sertakan link ke Kebijakan Privasi Google di layar izin.

2. Data yang akan dibagikan. Gunakan bahasa yang jelas dan ringkas untuk memberi tahu pengguna data apa saja yang diperlukan Google dan alasannya.

3. Pesan ajakan (CTA) yang jelas. Nyatakan pesan ajakan yang jelas di layar izin, seperti “Setuju dan tautkan”. Hal ini karena pengguna perlu memahami data apa yang harus mereka bagikan kepada Google untuk menautkan akun mereka.

4. Kemampuan untuk membatalkan. Berikan cara bagi pengguna untuk kembali atau membatalkan, jika mereka memilih untuk tidak menautkan.

5. Proses login yang jelas. Pastikan pengguna memiliki metode yang jelas untuk login ke Akun Google mereka, seperti kolom untuk nama pengguna dan sandi mereka atau Login dengan Google.

6. Kemampuan untuk membatalkan tautan. Tawarkan mekanisme bagi pengguna untuk membatalkan tautan, seperti URL ke setelan akun mereka di platform Anda. Atau, Anda dapat menyertakan link ke Akun Google tempat pengguna dapat mengelola akun tertaut mereka.

7. Kemampuan untuk mengubah akun pengguna. Sarankan metode bagi pengguna untuk beralih akun. Hal ini sangat bermanfaat jika pengguna cenderung memiliki beberapa akun.

   • Jika pengguna harus menutup layar izin untuk beralih akun, kirim error yang dapat dipulihkan ke Google sehingga pengguna dapat login ke akun yang diinginkan dengan penautan OAuth dan alur implisit.

8. Sertakan logo Anda. Menampilkan logo perusahaan Anda di layar izin. Gunakan panduan gaya untuk menempatkan logo. Jika Anda juga ingin menampilkan logo Google, lihat Logo dan merek dagang.

Create the project

To create your project to use account linking:

1. Go to the Google API Console.
2. Klik Buat proyek .
3. Masukkan nama atau terima saran yang dihasilkan.
4. Konfirmasikan atau edit bidang yang tersisa.
5. Klik Buat .

Untuk melihat ID proyek Anda:

1. Go to the Google API Console.
2. Temukan proyek Anda di tabel di halaman arahan. ID proyek muncul di kolom ID .

Configure your OAuth Consent Screen

The Google Account Linking process includes a consent screen which tells users the application requesting access to their data, what kind of data they are asking for and the terms that apply. You will need to configure your OAuth consent screen before generating a Google API client ID.

1. Open the OAuth consent screen page of the Google APIs console.
2. If prompted, select the project you just created.

3. On the "OAuth consent screen" page, fill out the form and click the “Save” button.

   Application name: The name of the application asking for consent. The name should accurately reflect your application and be consistent with the application name users see elsewhere. The application name will be shown on the Account Linking consent screen.

   Application logo: An image on the consent screen that will help users recognize your app. The logo is shown on Account linking consent screen and on account settings

   Support email: For users to contact you with questions about their consent.

   Scopes for Google APIs: Scopes allow your application to access your user's private Google data. For the Google Account Linking use case, default scope (email, profile, openid) is sufficient, you don’t need to add any sensitive scopes. It is generally a best practice to request scopes incrementally, at the time access is required, rather than up front. Learn more.

   Authorized domains: To protect you and your users, Google only allows applications that authenticate using OAuth to use Authorized Domains. Your applications' links must be hosted on Authorized Domains. Learn more.

   Application Homepage link: Home page for your application. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.

   Application Privacy Policy link: Shown on Google Account Linking consent screen. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.

   Application Terms of Service link (Optional): Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.

   

   Figure 1. Google Account Linking Consent Screen for a fictitious Application, Tunery

4. Check "Verification Status", if your application needs verification then click the "Submit For Verification" button to submit your application for verification. Refer to OAuth verification requirements for details.

Menerapkan server OAuth

An OAuth 2.0 server implementation of the authorization code flow consists of two endpoints, which your service makes available by HTTPS. The first endpoint is the authorization endpoint, which is responsible for finding or obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access. The second endpoint is the token exchange endpoint, which is used to obtain encrypted strings, called tokens, that authorize a user to access your service.

When a Google application needs to call one of your service's APIs, Google uses these endpoints together to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.

An OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:

1. Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. If the flow started on a voice-only device for an Action, Google transfers the execution to a phone.
2. The user signs in, if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API, if they haven't already granted permission.
3. Your service creates an authorization code and returns it to Google. To do so, redirect the user's browser back to Google with the authorization code attached to the request.
4. Google sends the authorization code to your token exchange endpoint, which verifies the authenticity of the code and returns an access token and a refresh token. The access token is a short-lived token that your service accepts as credentials to access APIs. The refresh token is a long-lived token that Google can store and use to acquire new access tokens when they expire.
5. After the user has completed the account linking flow, every subsequent request sent from Google contains an access token.

Handle authorization requests

When you need to perform account linking using the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:

For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/auth, a request might look like the following:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&scope=REQUESTED_SCOPES&response_type=code&user_locale=LOCALE

For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id matches the Client ID you assigned to Google, and that the redirect_uri matches the redirect URL provided by Google for your service. These checks are important to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps. If you support multiple OAuth 2.0 flows, also confirm that the response_type is code.
2. Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.
3. Generate an authorization code for Google to use to access your API. The authorization code can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user, the client the token is for, and the code's expiration time, and it must not be guessable. You typically issue authorization codes that expire after approximately 10 minutes.
4. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter has the following form:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
     https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
     

5. Redirect the user's browser to the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter. Include the authorization code you just generated and the original, unmodified state value when you redirect by appending the code and state parameters. The following is an example of the resulting URL:

   https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID?code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&state=STATE_STRING

Handle token exchange requests

Your service's token exchange endpoint is responsible for two kinds of token exchanges:

• Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens
• Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

Token exchange requests include the following parameters:

Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens

After the user signs in and your authorization endpoint returns a short-lived authorization code to Google, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange the authorization code for an access token and a refresh token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is authorization_code, and the value of code is the value of the authorization code you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange an authorization code for an access token and a refresh token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=authorization_code&code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI

To exchange authorization codes for an access token and a refresh token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as an authorized origin, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
2. Verify that the authorization code is valid and not expired, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the authorization code.
3. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter is identical to the value used in the initial authorization request.
4. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
5. Otherwise, use the user ID from the authorization code to generate a refresh token and an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, which is typically an hour after you issue the token. Refresh tokens don't expire.
6. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "token_type": "Bearer",
   "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
   "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",
   "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
   }

Google stores the access token and the refresh token for the user and records the expiration of the access token. When the access token expires, Google uses the refresh token to get a new access token from your token exchange endpoint.

Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

When an access token expires, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange a refresh token for a new access token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is refresh_token, and the value of refresh_token is the value of the refresh token you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange a refresh token for an access token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token=REFRESH_TOKEN

To exchange a refresh token for an access token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as Google, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
2. Verify that the refresh token is valid, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the refresh token.
3. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
4. Otherwise, use the user ID from the refresh token to generate an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, typically an hour after you issue the token.
5. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "token_type": "Bearer",
   "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
   "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
   }

Handle userinfo requests

The userinfo endpoint is an OAuth 2.0 protected resource that return claims about the linked user. Implementing and hosting the userinfo endpoint is optional, except for the following use cases:

• Linked Account Sign-In with Google One Tap.
• Frictionless subscription on AndroidTV.

After the access token has been successfully retrieved from your token endpoint, Google sends a request to your userinfo endpoint to retrieve basic profile information about the linked user.

For example, if your userinfo endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/userinfo, a request might look like the following:

GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1
Host: myservice.example.com
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN

For your userinfo endpoint to handle requests, do the following steps:

1. Extract access token from the Authorization header and return information for the user associated with the access token.
2. If the access token is invalid, return an HTTP 401 Unauthorized error with using the WWW-Authenticate Response Header. Below is an example of a userinfo error response:

   HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
   WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token",
   error_description="The Access Token expired"
   

   If a 401 Unauthorized, or any other unsuccessful error response is returned during the linking process, the error will be non-recoverable, the retrieved token will be discarded and the user will have to initiate the linking process again.

3. If the access token is valid, return and HTTP 200 response with the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "sub": "USER_UUID",
   "email": "EMAIL_ADDRESS",
   "given_name": "FIRST_NAME",
   "family_name": "LAST_NAME",
   "name": "FULL_NAME",
   "picture": "PROFILE_PICTURE",
   }

   If your userinfo endpoint returns an HTTP 200 success response, the retrieved token and claims are registered against the user's Google account.

   userinfo endpoint response
   sub	A unique ID that identifies the user in your system.
   email	Email address of the user.
   given_name	Optional: First name of the user.
   family_name	Optional: Last name of the user.
   name	Optional: Full name of the user.
   picture	Optional: Profile picture of the user.

Memvalidasi implementasi

Anda dapat memvalidasi penerapan menggunakan alat OAuth 2.0 Playground.

Di alat ini, lakukan langkah-langkah berikut:

1. Klik Configuration settings untuk membuka jendela OAuth 2.0 Configuration.
2. Di kolom OAuth flow, pilih Client-side.
3. Di kolom OAuth Endpoints, pilih Custom.
4. Tentukan endpoint OAuth 2.0 dan client ID yang Anda tetapkan ke Google di kolom yang sesuai.
5. Di bagian Langkah 1, jangan pilih cakupan Google apa pun. Sebagai gantinya, biarkan kolom ini kosong atau ketik cakupan yang valid untuk server Anda (atau string arbitrer jika Anda tidak menggunakan cakupan OAuth). Setelah selesai, klik Otorisasi API.
6. Di bagian Langkah 2 dan Langkah 3, ikuti alur OAuth 2.0 dan verifikasi bahwa setiap langkah berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya.

Anda dapat memvalidasi penerapan menggunakan alat Demo Penautan Akun Google.

Di alat tersebut, lakukan langkah-langkah berikut:

1. Klik tombol Login dengan Google.
2. Pilih akun yang ingin ditautkan.
3. Masukkan ID layanan.
4. Secara opsional, masukkan satu atau beberapa cakupan yang akan Anda minta aksesnya.
5. Klik Mulai Demo.
6. Jika diminta, konfirmasi bahwa Anda dapat mengizinkan dan menolak permintaan penautan.
7. Pastikan Anda dialihkan ke platform Anda.