Se utilizzi Accedi con Google su un'app o un sito che comunica con un server di backend, potresti dover identificare l'utente che ha eseguito l'accesso sul server. Per farlo in sicurezza, dopo che un utente ha eseguito l'accesso, invia il token ID dell'utente al tuo server utilizzando HTTPS. Quindi, sul server, verifica l'integrità del token ID e utilizza le informazioni utente contenute nel token per stabilire una sessione o creare un nuovo account.
Invia il token ID al tuo server
Innanzitutto, quando l'utente accede, recupera il suo token ID:
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Quando configuri Accedi con Google, chiama il metodo
requestIdToken
e trasmetti l'ID client web del tuo server.// Request only the user's ID token, which can be used to identify the // user securely to your backend. This will contain the user's basic // profile (name, profile picture URL, etc) so you should not need to // make an additional call to personalize your application. GoogleSignInOptions gso = new GoogleSignInOptions.Builder(GoogleSignInOptions.DEFAULT_SIGN_IN) .requestIdToken(getString(R.string.server_client_id)) .requestEmail() .build();
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All'avvio della tua app, controlla se l'utente ha già eseguito l'accesso utilizzando Google, su questo dispositivo o su un altro dispositivo, chiamando il numero
silentSignIn
:GoogleSignIn.silentSignIn() .addOnCompleteListener( this, new OnCompleteListener<GoogleSignInAccount>() { @Override public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<GoogleSignInAccount> task) { handleSignInResult(task); } });
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Se l'utente non riesce ad accedere in modalità invisibile, presenta la normale esperienza senza eseguire l'accesso, dandogli la possibilità di accedere. Quando l'utente accede, mostra il valore
GoogleSignInAccount
dell'utente nel risultato dell'attività dell'intent di accesso:// This task is always completed immediately, there is no need to attach an // asynchronous listener. Task<GoogleSignInAccount> task = GoogleSignIn.getSignedInAccountFromIntent(data); handleSignInResult(task);
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Dopo che l'utente ha eseguito l'accesso automaticamente o in modo esplicito, recupera il token ID dall'oggetto
GoogleSignInAccount
:private void handleSignInResult(@NonNull Task<GoogleSignInAccount> completedTask) { try { GoogleSignInAccount account = completedTask.getResult(ApiException.class); String idToken = account.getIdToken(); // TODO(developer): send ID Token to server and validate updateUI(account); } catch (ApiException e) { Log.w(TAG, "handleSignInResult:error", e); updateUI(null); } }
Quindi, invia il token ID al tuo server con una richiesta POST HTTPS:
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("https://yourbackend.example.com/tokensignin"); try { List<NameValuePair> nameValuePairs = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(1); nameValuePairs.add(new BasicNameValuePair("idToken", idToken)); httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nameValuePairs)); HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost); int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); final String responseBody = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()); Log.i(TAG, "Signed in as: " + responseBody); } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Error sending ID token to backend.", e); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Error sending ID token to backend.", e); }
Verifica l'integrità del token ID
Dopo aver ricevuto il token ID tramite HTTPS POST, devi verificarne l'integrità.
To verify that the token is valid, ensure that the following criteria are satisfied:
- The ID token is properly signed by Google. Use Google's public keys
(available in
JWK or
PEM format)
to verify the token's signature. These keys are regularly rotated; examine
the
Cache-Control
header in the response to determine when you should retrieve them again. - The value of
aud
in the ID token is equal to one of your app's client IDs. This check is necessary to prevent ID tokens issued to a malicious app being used to access data about the same user on your app's backend server. - The value of
iss
in the ID token is equal toaccounts.google.com
orhttps://accounts.google.com
. - The expiry time (
exp
) of the ID token has not passed. - If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud
organization account, you can check the
hd
claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.
Using the email
, email_verified
and hd
fields, you can determine if
Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In the cases where Google is authoritative,
the user is known to be the legitimate account owner, and you may skip password or other
challenge methods.
Cases where Google is authoritative:
email
has a@gmail.com
suffix, this is a Gmail account.email_verified
is true andhd
is set, this is a G Suite account.
Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When
email
does not contain a @gmail.com
suffix and hd
is absent, Google is not
authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify
the user. email_verified
can also be true as Google initially verified the
user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party
email account may have since changed.
Rather than writing your own code to perform these verification steps, we strongly
recommend using a Google API client library for your platform, or a general-purpose
JWT library. For development and debugging, you can call our tokeninfo
validation endpoint.
Using a Google API Client Library
Using one of the Google API Client Libraries (e.g. Java, Node.js, PHP, Python) is the recommended way to validate Google ID tokens in a production environment.
To validate an ID token in Java, use the GoogleIdTokenVerifier object. For example:
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken; import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload; import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier; ... GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory) // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend: .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(CLIENT_ID)) // Or, if multiple clients access the backend: //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3)) .build(); // (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST) GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString); if (idToken != null) { Payload payload = idToken.getPayload(); // Print user identifier String userId = payload.getSubject(); System.out.println("User ID: " + userId); // Get profile information from payload String email = payload.getEmail(); boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified()); String name = (String) payload.get("name"); String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture"); String locale = (String) payload.get("locale"); String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name"); String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name"); // Use or store profile information // ... } else { System.out.println("Invalid ID token."); }
The GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify()
method verifies the JWT
signature, the aud
claim, the iss
claim, and the
exp
claim.
If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud
organization account, you can verify the hd
claim by checking the domain name
returned by the Payload.getHostedDomain()
method. The domain of the
email
claim is insufficient to ensure that the account is managed by a domain
or organization.
To validate an ID token in Node.js, use the Google Auth Library for Node.js. Install the library:
npm install google-auth-library --saveThen, call the
verifyIdToken()
function. For example:
const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library'); const client = new OAuth2Client(); async function verify() { const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({ idToken: token, audience: CLIENT_ID, // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend // Or, if multiple clients access the backend: //[CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3] }); const payload = ticket.getPayload(); const userid = payload['sub']; // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain: // const domain = payload['hd']; } verify().catch(console.error);
The verifyIdToken
function verifies
the JWT signature, the aud
claim, the exp
claim,
and the iss
claim.
If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud
organization account, you can check the hd
claim, which indicates the hosted
domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members
of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to
a Google hosted domain.
To validate an ID token in PHP, use the Google API Client Library for PHP. Install the library (for example, using Composer):
composer require google/apiclientThen, call the
verifyIdToken()
function. For example:
require_once 'vendor/autoload.php'; // Get $id_token via HTTPS POST. $client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $CLIENT_ID]); // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend $payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token); if ($payload) { $userid = $payload['sub']; // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain //$domain = $payload['hd']; } else { // Invalid ID token }
The verifyIdToken
function verifies
the JWT signature, the aud
claim, the exp
claim,
and the iss
claim.
If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud
organization account, you can check the hd
claim, which indicates the hosted
domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members
of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to
a Google hosted domain.
To validate an ID token in Python, use the verify_oauth2_token function. For example:
from google.oauth2 import id_token from google.auth.transport import requests # (Receive token by HTTPS POST) # ... try: # Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend: idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), CLIENT_ID) # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server: # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request()) # if idinfo['aud'] not in [CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3]: # raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.') # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME: # raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.') # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token. userid = idinfo['sub'] except ValueError: # Invalid token pass
The verify_oauth2_token
function verifies the JWT
signature, the aud
claim, and the exp
claim.
You must also verify the hd
claim (if applicable) by examining the object that
verify_oauth2_token
returns. If multiple clients access the
backend server, also manually verify the aud
claim.
Calling the tokeninfo endpoint
An easy way to validate an ID token signature for debugging is to
use the tokeninfo
endpoint. Calling this endpoint involves an
additional network request that does most of the validation for you while you test proper
validation and payload extraction in your own code. It is not suitable for use in production
code as requests may be throttled or otherwise subject to intermittent errors.
To validate an ID token using the tokeninfo
endpoint, make an HTTPS
POST or GET request to the endpoint, and pass your ID token in the
id_token
parameter.
For example, to validate the token "XYZ123", make the following GET request:
https://oauth2.googleapis.com/tokeninfo?id_token=XYZ123
If the token is properly signed and the iss
and exp
claims have the expected values, you will get a HTTP 200 response, where the body
contains the JSON-formatted ID token claims.
Here's an example response:
{ // These six fields are included in all Google ID Tokens. "iss": "https://accounts.google.com", "sub": "110169484474386276334", "azp": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com", "aud": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com", "iat": "1433978353", "exp": "1433981953", // These seven fields are only included when the user has granted the "profile" and // "email" OAuth scopes to the application. "email": "testuser@gmail.com", "email_verified": "true", "name" : "Test User", "picture": "https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-kYgzyAWpZzJ/ABCDEFGHI/AAAJKLMNOP/tIXL9Ir44LE/s99-c/photo.jpg", "given_name": "Test", "family_name": "User", "locale": "en" }
If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace account, you can check
the hd
claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when
restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim
indicates that the account does not belong to a Google Workspace hosted domain.
Creare un account o una sessione
Dopo aver verificato il token, controlla se l'utente si trova già nel tuo database utenti. In tal caso, stabilisci una sessione autenticata per l'utente. Se l'utente non è ancora presente nel tuo database utenti, crea un nuovo record utente dalle informazioni contenute nel payload del token ID e stabilisci una sessione per l'utente. Puoi richiedere all'utente eventuali informazioni del profilo aggiuntive di cui hai bisogno quando rilevi un nuovo utente nella tua app.
Proteggere gli account degli utenti con la Protezione su più account
Quando ti affidi a Google per accedere a un utente, beneficerai automaticamente di tutte le funzionalità e l'infrastruttura di sicurezza che Google ha creato per salvaguardare i dati dell'utente. Tuttavia, nell'improbabile caso che l'Account Google dell'utente venga compromesso o si verifichi un altro evento di sicurezza significativo, anche la tua app può essere vulnerabile agli attacchi. Per proteggere meglio i tuoi account dai principali eventi di sicurezza, utilizza la Protezione su più account per ricevere avvisi di sicurezza da Google. Quando ricevi questi eventi, hai visibilità sulle modifiche importanti apportate alla sicurezza dell'Account Google dell'utente e puoi quindi intervenire sul servizio per proteggere i tuoi account.